The 13th century saw the theological importance
of the Incarnation and the humanity of Jesus advance greatly which
radically transformed the stylized Byzantine crucifixes such as
the San Damiano, into crucifixes showing Jesus’ body twisted
and bleeding on the cross. These realistic objects became the
centerpiece of veneration in churches and cathedrals, and then
as now, were and are favored objects of contemplation for both
mystics and laity alike.
The Renaissance painters and sculptors of the
15th century, transform the image of Jesus yet again. Christ’s
arms are outstretched, his head bowed, his eyes closed, but his
body is no longer wracked with pain. Instead, he is modeled on
the Greek ideal of taut muscularity, displaying serenity rather
than agony. The optimism of the Renaissance regarding human nature
and the body stands in stark contrast with medieval realism.